The Rise and Legacy of Africa’s Great Kingdoms Africa is home to some of the world’s oldest and most powerful

civilizations. Long before colonial times, mighty kingdoms flourished across the continent, leaving behind rich legacies of trade, culture, and knowledge. One of the earliest was Ancient Egypt, a land of pyramids, advanced science, and writing systems that influenced the entire Mediterranean world. Farther west, the Kingdom of Ghana thrived between the 7th and 13th centuries, controlling gold and salt trade routes that connected Africa to Europe and the Middle East. The Mali Empire, led by the legendary ruler Mansa Musa, became one of the wealthiest states in history. Its city of Timbuktu grew into a global center of learning, attracting

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